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== Lo spettro elettromagnetico ==
== Lo spettro elettromagnetico ==


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EM_spectrum.svg/1280px-EM_spectrum.svg.png
https://sslimgs.xkcd.com/comics/electromagnetic_spectrum.png
https://sslimgs.xkcd.com/comics/electromagnetic_spectrum.png
=== la lunghezza d'onda e la frequenza ===
http://www.cpdm-td.unina.it/ud/rappresentazione_e_analisi_dei_suoni/INTRODUZIONE_file/image003.gif


=== atmosfera ===
=== atmosfera ===
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg
 
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_transmittance_or_opacity-in_italian.png


== Lo spettro radio ==
== Lo spettro radio ==


=== Le bande ===
==== ITU ====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-  
! Band Number !! Symbols !! Frequency Range !! Wavelength Range<sup>†</sup>
! Band name
|-
! Abbreviation
| 4 || [[Very low frequency|VLF]] || 3 to 30&nbsp;kHz || 10 to 100&nbsp;km
! [[ITU Radio Bands|ITU band]]
|-
! Frequency<br />and<br />wavelength in air
| 5 || [[Low frequency|LF]] || 30 to 300&nbsp;kHz || 1 to 10&nbsp;km
! Example uses
|-
| 6 || [[Medium frequency|MF]] || 300 to 3000&nbsp;kHz || 100 to 1000 m
|-
|-
| [[Tremendously low frequency]]  
| 7 || [[High frequency|HF]] || 3 to 30&nbsp;MHz || 10 to 100 m
| style="text-align:center;"| TLF
| style="text-align:center;"| 
|  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| < 3 [[Hertz|Hz]]<br />&gt; 100,000&nbsp;km
| style="text-align:center;"| Natural and artificial electromagnetic noise
|-
|-
| [[Extremely low frequency]]
| 8 || [[Very high frequency|VHF]] || 30 to 300&nbsp;MHz || 1 to 10 m
| style="text-align:center;"| ELF
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] || 300 to 3000&nbsp;MHz || 10 to 100&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 3&ndash;30&nbsp;Hz<br />100,000&nbsp;km &ndash; 10,000&nbsp;km
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Communication with submarines]]
| 10 || [[Super high frequency|SHF]] || 3 to 30&nbsp;GHz || 1 to 10&nbsp;cm
|-
| 11 || [[Extremely high frequency|EHF]] || 30 to 300&nbsp;GHz || 1 to 10&nbsp;mm
|-
| 12 || [[Tremendously high frequency|THF]] || 300 to 3000&nbsp;GHz || 0.1 to 1&nbsp;mm
|-
|}
 
==== Ham ====
 
==== Civili ====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#E8EAF6"
| '''Banda''' || '''Utilizzo''' || '''Estensione'''
|-
|-
| [[Super low frequency]]
| [[banda cittadina]] || amatoriale || 26,965 - 27,405&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| SLF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 30&ndash;300&nbsp;Hz<br />10,000&nbsp;km &ndash; 1000&nbsp;km
| style="text-align:center;"| Communication with submarines
|-
|-
| [[Ultra low frequency]]
| [[banda 43 MHz]] || servizi vari || 43,300 - 43,5875&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| ULF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 300&ndash;3000&nbsp;Hz<br />1000&nbsp;km &ndash; 100&nbsp;km
| style="text-align:center;"| Submarine communication, [[Through the earth mine communications|communication within mines]]
|-
|-
| [[Very low frequency]]
| [[Low Power Devices|LPD]] || privato LPD || 433,075 - 434,775&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| VLF
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 3&ndash;30&nbsp;kHz<br />100&nbsp;km &ndash; 10&nbsp;km
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Radio navigation|Navigation]], [[radio clock|time signals]], submarine communication, wireless [[heart rate monitor]]s, [[geophysics]]
|-
|-
| [[Low frequency]]
| [[Low Power Devices|LPD SRD]] || privato LPD || 868,00625 - 869,99375&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| LF
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 30&ndash;300&nbsp;kHz<br />10&nbsp;km &ndash; 1&nbsp;km
| style="text-align:center;"| Navigation, [[Radio clock|clock time signals]], AM [[longwave]] broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), [[RFID]], [[amateur radio]]
|-
|-
| [[Medium frequency]]
| [[PMR 446]] || privato PMR446 || 446,00625 - 446,09375&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 300&ndash;3000&nbsp;kHz<br />1&nbsp;km &ndash; 100 m
| style="text-align:center;"| [[AM radio|AM]] (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, [[Avalanche#Beacons|avalanche beacons]]
|-
|-
| [[High frequency]]
| [[PMR 446|PMR 446 digitale]] || privato PMR446 || 446,103125 - 446,196875&nbsp;MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| HF
|}
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
 
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 3&ndash;30&nbsp;MHz<br />100 m &ndash; 10 m
==== Broadcast Audio ====
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shortwave]] broadcasts, [[citizens' band radio]], amateur radio and [[over-the-horizon]] aviation communications, [[RFID]], [[over-the-horizon radar]], [[automatic link establishment]] (ALE) / [[Near Vertical Incidence Skywave|near-vertical incidence skywave]] (NVIS) radio communications, [[marine and mobile radio telephony]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#E8EAF6"
| '''Banda''' || '''Modulazione''' || '''Estensione'''
|-
|-
| [[Very high frequency]]
| [[onde lunghe]] || AM || 153 – 279 kHz
| style="text-align:center;"| VHF
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 30&ndash;300&nbsp;MHz<br />10 m &ndash; 1 m
| style="text-align:center;" | [[FM radio|FM]], [[television]] broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio, [[weather radio]]
|-
|-
| [[Ultra high frequency]]
| [[onde medie]] || AM || 525 – 1615 kHz
| style="text-align:center;"| UHF
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 300&ndash;3000&nbsp;MHz<br />1 m &ndash; 100&nbsp;mm
| style="text-align:center;" | Television broadcasts, [[microwave oven]], [[microwave]] devices/communications, [[radio astronomy]], [[mobile phone]]s, [[wireless LAN]], [[Bluetooth]], [[ZigBee]], [[GPS]] and two-way radios such as land mobile, [[Family Radio Service|FRS]] and [[GMRS]] radios, amateur radio
|-
|-
| [[Super high frequency]]
| [[onde corte]] || AM || 2310kHz - 26 MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| SHF
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
|  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 3&ndash;30&nbsp;GHz<br />100&nbsp;mm &ndash; 10&nbsp;mm
| style="text-align:center;"| Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern [[radar]]s, [[communications satellite]]s, satellite television broadcasting, [[direct-broadcast satellite|DBS]], amateur radio
|-
|-
| [[Extremely high frequency]]
| banda radio FM || FM ||87,5 - 108 MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| EHF
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
|  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 30&ndash;300&nbsp;GHz<br />10&nbsp;mm &ndash; 1&nbsp;mm
| style="text-align:center;"| Radio astronomy, high-frequency [[microwave radio relay]], microwave [[remote sensing]], amateur radio, [[Active Denial System|directed-energy weapon]], [[millimeter wave scanner]]
|-
|-
| [[Terahertz]] or [[Tremendously high frequency]]
| [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]] banda L || DQPSK || 1452 - 1492 MHz
| style="text-align:center;"| THz or THF
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 300&ndash;3,000&nbsp;GHz<br />1&nbsp;mm &ndash; 100 {{mu}}m
| style="text-align:center;"| Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement for X-rays in some medical applications, ultrafast molecular dynamics, [[condensed-matter physics]], [[terahertz time-domain spectroscopy]], terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio
|}
|}
=== Il PNRF ===
http://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/comunicazioni/radio/pnrf-piano-nazionale-di-ripartizione-delle-frequenze
== La radiocomunicazione ==
[[File:6a.gif]]
==== AM ====
[[File:Am-modulation.png]]
==== FM ====
http://www.netzener.net/images/swradio/fm-modulation.png
=== Antenna ===
l'antenna e' '''reciproca'''
==== Dipolo ====
http://www.arrl.org/images/view/Licensing__Education_/Getting_on_the_Air/ARRL0113.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_800x394x150ms.gif/330px-Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_800x394x150ms.gif
==== Verticale ====
[[File:Antenna verticale.jpg|none]]
==== T-antenna =====
[[File:T antenna.svg.png|none]]
[[File:T-antenna-coil-autotrafo.gif|none]]
==== diagramma di radiazione ====
http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/aironet-antennas-accessories/prod_white_paper0900aecd806a1a3e.doc/_jcr_content/renditions/0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-04.jpg
=== Mezzo fisico ===
==== la radiazione elettromagnetica ====
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/RadiationSafety/Graphics/elec_mag_field.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Electromagneticwave3D.gif
==== near field e far field ====
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/electromagnetic_fieldmemo/electro_01.gif
==== inverse square law ====
Pr = Pt/(4*pi*r^2)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inverse_square_law.svg/420px-Inverse_square_law.svg.png
==== Polarizzazione ====
e' l'orientamento dell'E-field
http://www.cdt21.com/parts/zu/zu_12.gif
===== Circolare =====
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Circular.Polarization.Circularly.Polarized.Light_Right.Handed.Animation.305x190.255Colors.gif
==== Propagazione ====
http://www.msmountain.it/varie/radio/propagazione.jpg
=== Trasmettitore ===
[[File:Transmitter.png]]
=== Ricevitore ===
==== TRF ====
[[File:TRF-Block-Diagram.png]]
==== Supereterodina ====
http://www.netzener.net/images/swradio/Superhet-Block-Diagram.png
=== DDS ===

Latest revision as of 19:51, 13 October 2017

Lo spettro elettromagnetico

1280px-EM_spectrum.svg.png electromagnetic_spectrum.png

la lunghezza d'onda e la frequenza

image003.gif

atmosfera

Atmospheric_electromagnetic_transmittance_or_opacity-in_italian.png

Lo spettro radio

Le bande

ITU

Band Number Symbols Frequency Range Wavelength Range†
4 VLF 3 to 30 kHz 10 to 100 km
5 LF 30 to 300 kHz 1 to 10 km
6 MF 300 to 3000 kHz 100 to 1000 m
7 HF 3 to 30 MHz 10 to 100 m
8 VHF 30 to 300 MHz 1 to 10 m
9 UHF 300 to 3000 MHz 10 to 100 cm
10 SHF 3 to 30 GHz 1 to 10 cm
11 EHF 30 to 300 GHz 1 to 10 mm
12 THF 300 to 3000 GHz 0.1 to 1 mm

Ham

Civili

Banda Utilizzo Estensione
banda cittadina amatoriale 26,965 - 27,405 MHz
banda 43 MHz servizi vari 43,300 - 43,5875 MHz
LPD privato LPD 433,075 - 434,775 MHz
LPD SRD privato LPD 868,00625 - 869,99375 MHz
PMR 446 privato PMR446 446,00625 - 446,09375 MHz
PMR 446 digitale privato PMR446 446,103125 - 446,196875 MHz

Broadcast Audio

Banda Modulazione Estensione
onde lunghe AM 153 – 279 kHz
onde medie AM 525 – 1615 kHz
onde corte AM 2310kHz - 26 MHz
banda radio FM FM 87,5 - 108 MHz
DAB banda L DQPSK 1452 - 1492 MHz

Il PNRF

http://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/comunicazioni/radio/pnrf-piano-nazionale-di-ripartizione-delle-frequenze

La radiocomunicazione

6a.gif

AM

Am-modulation.png

FM

fm-modulation.png

Antenna

l'antenna e' reciproca

Dipolo

ARRL0113.jpg

330px-Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_800x394x150ms.gif

Verticale

Antenna verticale.jpg

T-antenna =

T antenna.svg.png
T-antenna-coil-autotrafo.gif

diagramma di radiazione

0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-04.jpg

Mezzo fisico

la radiazione elettromagnetica

elec_mag_field.gif

Electromagneticwave3D.gif

near field e far field

electro_01.gif

inverse square law

Pr = Pt/(4*pi*r^2)

420px-Inverse_square_law.svg.png

Polarizzazione

e' l'orientamento dell'E-field

zu_12.gif

Circolare

Circular.Polarization.Circularly.Polarized.Light_Right.Handed.Animation.305x190.255Colors.gif

Propagazione

propagazione.jpg

Trasmettitore

Transmitter.png

Ricevitore

TRF

TRF-Block-Diagram.png

Supereterodina

Superhet-Block-Diagram.png

DDS

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